Covert Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Covert Action - Essay Example The case facts are that either a coup or the outright â€Å"elimination† of Bashar Al-Assad is possible through an asset that could organize such action, embedded within the Syrian establishment. There is merit in covert action in this case, given the hard line stance of Al-Assad, the intractable nature of the war and of the positions of the two camps, the international opposition to the actions of the Syrian government and the need to stop the escalation of the violence to prevent further massive bloodshed, and the atrocious nature of the way thousands have already perished in the hands of the government forces (Bennet, 2005; Chulov, 2012; International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, 2012; MacFarquahar, 2011; Mawad and Gladstone, 2012; Middle East Policy Council, 2012; The New York Times Company, 2012; Rosenbach, 2009; Best, 2011; Cumming,2010 ). The literature tells us that covert actions convey many benefits to the US and to the international community, as a means to secure the interests of the international community and in the US where diplomacy and the legal channels are slow, cumbersome, ineffective, or just plainly deadlocked for a variety of reasons. Covert action essentially short circuits and bypasses all those difficulties. Moreover, an essential element of covert action is that it can be denied, while at the same time providing the US with a means to depose the intractable regime of Bashar Al-Assad and save thousands of lives more from the on-going attack of the Syrian government of its own people. On the other hand, the risks include that the covert action can backfire and strengthen the ranks and the resolve of the Al-Assad forces. The backlash can include more civilian deaths in retaliatory attacks on the public.

Factors thata effect health and well-being Essay Example for Free

Factors thata effect health and well-being Essay Elizabeth is providing her body with the energy her body needs to perform well and succeed in her work through exercising. Exercise provides stimulation for the brain. Stimulation improves brain function, which will improve many things like learning new skills and concentration. Also, people who remain physically active as they age have a reduced risk of dementia. Elizabeth goes swimming every Saturday with her children. This is an example of the social benefits of exercise. This could help Elizabeth have a positive self- image and have positive self-esteem. Exercise also has many psychological and emotional benefits. When you exercise endorphins are released in the brain Endorphins are the bodys natural feel good chemicals, and when they are released through exercise, your mood is boosted naturally. As well endorphins, exercise also releases adrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine. All of these chemicals improve mood. Endorphins are the bodys natural painkillers. The endorphins released during exercise could help Elizabeth with the pain she gets from her Ulcerative colitis. Altogether exercise will improve Elizabeths health, mental state and provide stimulation for her brain, which will help her with many different aspects of life. Regular exercise is benefiting Elizabeths physical, intellectual, emotional and social health and well-being. It is vital that she maintains this positive factor in her life. Supportive Relationships Elizabeth has many supportive relationships in her life. She has a loving family, a good relationship with her partner and a stable group of friends. Research shows that healthy and supportive relationships can reduce stress and improve your overall health and sense of well-being. The main advantages of having supportive relationships are the psychological benefits. On average, people who have supportive relationships are less likely to have mental health problems. Elizabeth does not, and never has, suffered from any mental health problems. This may be because she has people she can talk over any worries or problems with. This will help Elizabeth cope with things like stress and feeling of depression. If Elizabeth feels she has people she can trust and confide in she will be less likely to let these sort of feeling get out of control, she will be able to confront things before they become problems. If Elizabeth did not have such supportive relationships she would be at risk of suffering form stress, which would affect her physical health in many ways. Elizabeth sufferers from Ulcerative Colitis, and although the cause of it is unknown, it is suspected that stress can increase symptoms. So Elizabeths physical well being will be benefiting from supportive relationships because it will help prevent stress causing any flare ups of her Ulcerative Colitis. Elizabeths intellectual development will benefit because she will be less likely to take time off work, and she will be more likely to take part in things that will stimulate her brain such as exercise. Conversation may also provide stimulation. Elizabeth will benefit in ever aspect of her health and well-being because she has good supportive relationships in her life.

Developing Child Fitness and Diet

Developing Child Fitness and Diet Children Fitness and Diet Fitness and exercise for children is quite different than that for adults. Children’s motivation and their physical capacity are different as is their adaptability to, and benefit from, different types of activity. Generally speaking, physical fitness for children should ideally involve: Being active because they wish to be active, confident and to enjoy activity. Running and moving, especially in activity bursts. Children don’t have to imitate the adult equation of maintaining a heart rate in a target area for half an hour. Children sprint and rest, sprint and rest. Ideally children should accumulate significant total movement time every day. The automatic activity of children develops their competence and their confidence in the motor skills. Their skills and confidence will influence their enjoyment of all activities – for we all enjoy to accomplish things that we excel at. The Critical Right Start From a young age, children begin labelling themselves either as athletic, or not. Feeling competent on a field, a court, the playground or even just in a back yard will lead to a continued keenness to play, which in turn leads to more learning and thus greater success. Unfortunately, the opposite is also quite true – getting away to a bad start may cause children to want sit out physical activities, thus missing an opportunity to fully develop during their key growth years while also exacerbating their self-doubt about their individual athleticism can grow into a self-fulfilling prophesy. Each child can and should try to be successful athletically, and the skills required to be successful are quite learnable for moreorless any child, provided that: The child receives individually delivered instructions to learn the proper technique for each skill at their competence level. Children perform the repetitions necessary that build the muscle memory for a particular technique. The challenge is that most available resources to develop skills for children fall short on one or even both points. Many PE, coaches and sports classes adopt a sink-or-swim technique of teaching that simply sets children up for a failure, while tedious and repetitive practice sessions are conducted, that most children do not really enjoy beyond a few minutes. Those children who on a regular basis are physically active will automatically reap huge benefits, it is also common sense that those children benefit from regular exercise: Are less liable to be overweight Will have a diminished risk of developing type 2 diabetes Have a reduced blood cholesterol level plus lower blood pressure Will have higher self-esteem and confidence with reduced instances of depression and anxiety Are more likely to have stronger bones and muscles Will be more mentally attentive at school Have a better outlook on life Clearly we understand that it is essential that children need to be active, now it is time to get the children up, about, playing and participating. The Other Benefits of Exercise In addition to the health rewards of regular exercise, those kids that are fit physically will sleep more soundly and be better equipped to deal with those challenges, both physical and emotional that a typical day presents — whether that is running for a bus, bending to tie a shoe lace or studying for a test. The American Heart Association recommends: Participating in a minimum of 30 minutes of enjoyable, moderate intensity physical activity each day is essential for every child aged 2 or more. These activities should be developmentally appropriate and varied. If your child does not have a full one hour break each day, then it is vital to provide at the very minimum a half hour break, and this can be split into 15 minute breaks or three x 10-minute breaks when they can engage in vigorous activities suitable to their age, gender and their stage of physical and emotional progress. Any concerns about your child’s physical or overall health should be discussed with their pediatrician. Get moving Getting physically active is very important for young and growing bodies. A considerable percentage of children are overweight or obese. So encouraging an active lifestyle for them along with a balanced diet is a sure way to maintain a healthy weight: Ideally children should do at least 1 hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. That could be dancing, running, swimming, or an organized sport such as football, netball or simply active play. Restrict if possible, a child to about two hours of watching television, using a computer or playing electronic games per day. Try to be active with your own and your friend’s children and include physical activity for them in family outings and integrate this into the fabric of daily family life. Focus on fun. It is not necessary to call it â€Å"exercise,† simply consider it as an activity. Find out those activities which the child likes and encourage those. Limit computer and TV time. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests not greater than â€Å"two hours of exposure to daily media† for children aged two and older. When the child is engrossed with a screen, make sure breaks are taken and that they move around. Schedule the play dates. The key word is â€Å"play.† Have the child get together with a friend or two and play a game of tag, or throw or kick a ball about. Put up a basketball net and shoot hoops. Give fitness oriented gifts, consider a jump-rope, a mini-trampoline or a hula-hoop — something that will encourage activity and movement. Be a model of fitness. It is far easier to motivate children to be active, if as a parent or adult you also lead an active lifestyle. Whether one follows a structured fitness program or you regularly execute some morning stretches, let the children see you being active. It will usually likely inspire them also to do likewise. Encourage biking or walking whenever possible. This is easier if your home is near stores, a library or other locations that you all regularly frequent. However If you live in a more remote area, then establish a safe route for a bike ride or hike with the child. Be a fitness promoter at the child’s school. How much physical activity does your child get at school? Find out and if you feel it is less then enroll support from the other parents to initiate positive changes. The Many Benefits of Exercise Everyone will benefit with regular exercise. Kids that are active develop: tougher bones and muscles a lean body shape, for regular exercise controls body fat be less likely to become overweight decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes possibly lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels have a better outlook on life In addition to positive health benefits of exercising regularly, children that are physically fitter will also sleep more soundly and are better prepared to handle those emotional and physical challenges which a typical day may present — such as running to catch a bus, bending to tie a shoelace or studying for a test. The American Heart Association recommends: That children aged 2 years or older benefit greatly from at a minimum of 30 minutes of fun and moderately intense physical exercise each day. Those activities should be developmentally appropriate and also varied. If a child does not receive a full 30 minute break for active play each day: Then try to provide at minimum two x 15-minute periods or three x 10-minute periods, where the child may perform a vigorous activity which is suitable for their gender, age and their level of physical and emotional development. Any worries about a child’s physical or overall health must be discussed with a pediatrician. Encouraging healthy habits The smart way to inspire our children to be healthy and active is to be a role model. Help them filter the information regarding the food they are receiving and be led by example. Remember that food is much more than just nutrients and fuel. To children, food should be fun, should taste good, and food should be social – to be enjoyed! Having a healthy diet Parents are the primary influence upon the diet of children, for they directly control many of the food choices, and especially at a younger ages. Active, growing children absolutely require balanced nutrition so that their bodies grow healthily. Most attitudes about food are formed during the early school years, thus creating the foundation of future eating habits. We can help our children create a health foundation by encouraging a like of good food and nutrition throughout the formative years. Growing bodies The primary school years are busy and children require good nutrition in order to concentrate at school and also to fuel their daily activities (play and sport). Equally children need nutritious foods to develop and grow normally. An eating pattern which includes a variety of foods from across different food groups provides children with a range of nutrients and also the fuel they need. Eating sufficient fresh vegetables, legumes and fruits Eating sufficient cereals (preferably whole-grain), to include bread, pasta, rice, and noodles Lean meat, poultry, fish, and/or alternatives Include milk, cheese and yoghurt (the fat reduced products are not suitable for children under 2 years of age) While the occasional ‘extra’ treats such as iced lollies, French fries and take away foods are ok, if they are eaten too often and become habitual, then not only are the children liable to want more and more, it also will result in a decline of the nourishing foods while increasing the risk of becoming overweight, as well as the heightened risk of tooth decay. Children need to be well hydrated. Children must be encouraged to drink water. Try limiting sugar infused drinks such as soda’s, soft drinks, cordials and even fruit juices. If consumed regularly they will contribute to issues like excess weight and tooth decay. A glass full of milk is very nutritious to drink and contributes to the recommended three servings of dairy per day that ensures children get the calcium that growing bones require. Importance of dairy foods As one of the five food groups, dairy products play a crucial role in a healthy diet. Milk, cheese and yoghurt contain over 10 essential nutrients: Carbohydrates Proteins Minerals (magnesium, calcium, potassium and zinc, phosphorus,) Vitamins (A, B12 and riboflavin) Healthy strong bones Dairy foods are well known for providing calcium and its effect upon building strong bones. Naturally, the bones of children grow rapidly, therefore a calcium-rich diet in childhood will maximise peak bone mass and help reduce any risk of fractures and osteoporosis later in life. Three servings of dairy foods per day will give children most of the required calcium requirements. One serving of a dairy product equates as: 1 glass (= 250mL) of milk 2 slices (= 40g) of cheese 1 tub (= 200g) of yoghurt Milk, cheese and yoghurt also provide at least nine other vital nutrients – vitamin A for good eye sight, protein and zinc for development and growth, and vitamin B12 to keep the blood healthy. Dental health Tooth decay is still a common health problem in children, despite being largely preventable. In addition to oral hygiene such as regular brushing, correct nutrition and eating habits are important in preventing dental disease. Special anti-decay nutrients such as phosphorus, and calcium, are contained in the milk proteins and therefore dairy foods are a unique combination with a specific preventative role in dental health. Breakfast Everyone knows that breakfast is the most crucial meal of a day and especially so for energising the minds and bodies of children’s before school. Low Glycaemic Index (GI) foods that provide a slow release of energy are preferable breakfast choices. Dairy foods contain a low GI. In winter start a day with a steaming and hot milky porridge and then in the warmer months put some ice cold milk on a child’s favourite cereal. Yoghurt and muesli mix. Great in a yoghurt container for a breakfast on the move. Grilled cheese on toast, a perennial favourite. A Fruit and yoghurt smoothie. Lovely for children who dislike breakfast. Lunch Dairy foods are good for the school lunch box. Portions of cheese with biscuits and dried fruit. Sandwiches or pita bread with cheese and a choice of spread with salad. Freeze a yoghurt tub the previous night. Helps keep a lunch box cool. Snacks Ice cold milk shake or a smoothie is a great filler. Use crackers and vegetable sticks to eat a yoghurt based dip. When it comes to instilling healthy habits, you can teach children their â€Å"ABCDE† Act Boldly to Change Diet and Exercise.

Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In by Roger Fisher and William Ury :: essays research papers

Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In by Roger Fisher and William Ury In this classic text, Fisher and Ury describe their four principles for effective negotiation. They also describe three common obstacles to negotiation and discuss ways to overcome those obstacles. Fisher and Ury explain that a good agreement is one which is wise and efficient, and which improves the parties' relationship. Wise agreements satisfy the parties' interests and are fair and lasting. The authors' goal is to develop a method for reaching good agreements. Negotiations often take the form of positional bargaining. In positional bargaining each part opens with their position on an issue. The parties then bargain from their separate opening positions to agree on one position. Haggling over a price is a typical example of positional bargaining. Fisher and Ury argue that positional bargaining does not tend to produce good agreements. It is an inefficient means of reaching agreements, and the agreements tend to neglect the parties' interests. It encourages stubbornness and so tends to harm the parties' relationship. Principled negotiation provides a better way of reaching good agreements. Fisher and Ury develop four principles of negotiation. Their process of principled nego tiation can be used effectively on almost any type of dispute. Their four principles are 1) separate the people from the problem; 2) focus on interests rather than positions; 3) generate a variety of options before settling on an agreement; and 4) insist that the agreement be based on objective criteria. [p. 11] These principles should be observed at each stage of the negotiation process. The process begins with the analysis of the situation or problem, of the other parties' interests and perceptions, and of the existing options. The next stage is to plan ways of responding to the situation and the other parties. Finally, the parties discuss the problem trying to find a solution on which they can agree. Separating People and Issues Fisher and Ury's first principle is to separate the people from the issues. People tend to become personally involved with the issues and with their side's positions. And so they will tend to take responses to those issues and positions as personal attacks. Separating the people from the issues allows the parties to address the issues without damaging their relationship. It also helps them to get a clearer view of the substantive problem. The authors identify three basic sorts of people problems. First are differences on perception among the parties.

Manufacturing Beauty

Manufacturing Beauty Manufacturing Beauty Cindy Jackson in my opinion has major issues. She thinks beauty is on the outside and does whatever she can to make herself look like an imaginary person. It seems to me that she is doing all this to try to make money. Her website is all about selling cosmetics. In which I am betting she doesn’t even use herself, because if there is a flaw in her mind she corrects it with surgery, so why does she need cosmetics? I think that her self-esteem is still extremely low even after all the surgeries and it has been from the start. The physical attractiveness of a person influences every individual throughout every community, across the United States and around the world. All people inherit and alter their physical attractiveness, which is determined by complex, interdependent, physical, and non-physical factors. Hidden and not-hidden values drive thoughts and actions with significant effects and realities whereby higher physical attractiveness is beneficial, lower physical attractiveness is detrimental and associated pursuits are relentless. Physical attractiveness may look skin-deep as a surface aspect of appearance, but looks can be deceiving. Researchers throughout the world collect empirical data complemented with anecdotal data to probe beyond the surfaces. Through investigations that meet meticulous scientific methodological procedures, acute observations reveal previously undetected dimensions that advance understanding about physical attractiveness (Patzer, 2006). I think the mass media has a huge influence on her. Even according her, she wants to look like Barbie â€Å"I looked at a Barbie doll when I was 6 and said, ‘This is what I want to look like. ’ She spent $100,000 on the operations because she ‘wanted to look better’, â€Å"Barbie was the blank canvas I filled in all those years ago. It was still my role model. † Cindy believed she was being ‘held back by her looks’ and that with surgery to make her more like her idol, she believes she is happier and has a better quality in life. Although this example is both rare and extreme, it is interesting to observe a woman's behavior later in life, which so blatantly and clearly links her desire of appearance to a prototype presented to her as a child. (2009) I my opinion the theme of â€Å"Manufacturing Beauty† can mean several things. I think that for one and the main theme is that a person is doing everything they can to try to make themselves beautiful in everybody else’s eyes. This is impossible, because everybody sees beauty a different why. For instance, I might be attracted to a woman at first sight but after I get to know, I may not find her beautiful; because I think, beauty is on the inside and not the physical appearance. In conclusion, I do not approve of what she is doing but then I do not have to. I think she is giving young women a very bad influence. I wish young women would see that being different is a great thing and that looking like everybody else is very boring. References (2009). Living Doll. Retrieved from http://blamingthemedia. blogspot. com/2009_09_01_archive. html Patzer, G. (2006). The Power and Paradox of Physical Attractiveness

hitlers rise to power5 essays

hitlers rise to power5 essays On 30th January 1933, Hindenburg received Hitler in audience and appointed him chancellor. It came as a shock to some people but many believed that Hitlers rise to power was inevitable. Some state that Hitler could not have risen to power in any country other than Germany, implying that he was nothing more than a product of German culture. Others say that Hitler rose to power by means of his political genius. And yet still others claim that it was the weak democratic government of the Weimar Republic, and Germanys social and economic scene in the 1930s that made the people restless and ready for a dictator to come to power. There was no single reason for Hitlers rise to power. However the main reasons were that the political and economic chaos of the 1920s and the 1930s joined forces with German culture that enabled Hitler to rise to power. Both play an equal part. Together, both created a unique situation for Hitlers rise. Hitler was in part a product of German culture. German culture at the time stood out as particularly aggressive and racist. The values and ideas found in this cultures history inspired Hitler to do many things that he did and can explain in part why he felt the way he did on certain issues. For example there were talks of the master race in the past history of Germany by the German philosophers, which might have given Hitler his ideas on the Aryan race. Many people believe that German culture is by nature racist, militaristic, and anti-Semitic. Germany was an opportune place for Hitler to come to power. German people, feeling confused by the social and economic chaos of the 1920s an d 1930s could do nothing but gravitate towards someone like Hitler. Hitler had answers for everyones problems. He promised to restore order and greatness. And many people accepted Hitler with open arms. Which was partly due to poor alternatives and due to the fact tha...

The Origin and Decline of the Papal States

The Origin and Decline of the Papal States The Papal States were territories in central Italy that were directly governed by the papacy- not only spiritually but in a temporal, secular sense. The extent of papal control, which officially began in 756 and lasted until 1870, varied over the centuries, as did the geographical boundaries of the region. Generally, the territories included present-day Lazio (Latium), Marche, Umbria, and part of Emilia-Romagna. The Papal States were also known as the Republic of Saint Peter, Church States, and the Pontifical States; in Italian, Stati Pontifici or Stati della Chiesa. Origins of the Papal States The bishops of Rome first acquired lands around the city in the 4th century; these lands were known as the Patrimony of St. Peter. Beginning in the 5th century, when the Western Empire officially came to an end and the influence of the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire in Italy weakened, the power of the bishops, who were now often called papa or pope, increased as the populace turned to them for aid and protection. Pope Gregory the Great, for example, did a great deal to help refugees from invading Lombards and even managed to establish peace with the invaders for a time. Gregory is credited with consolidating the papal holdings into a unified territory. While officially the lands that would become the Papal States were considered part of the Eastern Roman Empire, for the most part, they were overseen by officers of the Church. The official beginning of the Papal States came in the 8th century. Thanks to the Eastern empires increased taxation and inability to protect Italy, and, more especially, the emperors views on iconoclasm, Pope Gregory II broke with the empire, and his successor, Pope Gregory III, upheld the opposition to the iconoclasts. Then, when the Lombards had seized Ravenna and were on the verge of conquering Rome, Pope Stephen II (or III) turned to the King of the Franks, Pippin III (the Short). Pippin promised to restore the captured lands to the pope; he then succeeded in defeating the Lombard leader, Aistulf, and made him return the lands the Lombards had captured to the papacy, ignoring all Byzantine claims to the territory. Pippins promise and the document that recorded it in 756 are known as the Donation of Pippin and provide the legal foundation for the Papal States. This is supplemented by the Treaty of Pavia, in which Aistulf officially ceded conquered lands to the bishops of Rome. Scholars theorize that the forged Donation of Constantine was created by an unknown cleric around about this time, as well. Legitimate donations and decrees by Charlemagne, his son Louis the Pious and his grandson Lothar I confirmed the original foundation and added to the territory. The Papal States Through the Middle Ages Throughout the volatile political situation in Europe over the next few centuries, the popes managed to maintain control over the Papal States. When the Carolingian Empire broke up in the 9th century, the papacy fell under the control of the Roman nobility. This was a dark time for the Catholic Church, for some of the popes were far from saintly; but the Papal States remained strong because preserving them was a priority of the secular leaders of Rome. In the 12th century, commune governments began to rise in Italy; although the popes did not oppose them in principle, those that were established in papal territory proved problematic, and strife even led to revolts in the 1150s. Yet the Republic of Saint Peter continued to expand. For example, Pope Innocent III capitalized on conflict within the Holy Roman Empire to press his claims, and the emperor recognized the Churchs right to Spoleto. The fourteenth century brought serious challenges. During the Avignon Papacy, papal claims to Italian territory were weakened by the fact that the popes no longer actually lived in Italy. Things grew even worse during the Great Schism when rival popes tried to run things from both Avignon and Rome. Ultimately, the schism was ended, and the popes concentrated on rebuilding their dominance over the Papal States. In the fifteenth century, they saw considerable success, once again due to the focus on temporal over spiritual power displayed by such popes as Sixtus IV. In the early sixteenth century, the Papal States saw their greatest extent and prestige, thanks to the warrior-pope Julius II. The Decline of the Papal States But it wasnt long after the death of Julius that the Reformation signaled the beginning of the end of the Papal States. The very fact that the spiritual head of the Church should have so much temporal power was one of the many aspects of the Catholic Church that reformers, who were in the process of becoming Protestants, objected to. As secular powers grew stronger they were able to chip away at papal territory. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars also did damage to the Republic of Saint Peter. Eventually, during the course of Italian unification in the 19th century, the Papal States were annexed to Italy. Beginning in 1870, when the annexation of the papal territory put an official end to the Papal States, the popes were in a temporal limbo. This came to an end with the Lateran Treaty of 1929, which set up Vatican City as an independent state.

Come and Dance with Me essays

Come and Dance with Me essays Essay Using Description and Narration A harmonious chant from 5,100 fans accompanied by a syncopated rhythm on the snare started what would be an evening I would never forget for the rest of my life. You could feel the energy of the crowd explode as Dave cheerfully sang into the microphone, Hope yall ready to have a good time. Immediately following, came a blistering three hour set of eclectic jazz fused rock, from the Dave Matthews Band. I had just turned 21 and was experimenting with many different things in my life. I was in my car, listening to music with my friend, Amy, and she popped in a live CD from Dave Matthews Band. I instantly was intrigued by this mixture of funk, jazz, rock. Amy exclaimed, Im going to go see these guys at SPAC (Saratoga Performing Arts Center) in August, do you want to come? A rush of exhilaration came over my face and a quick, Yes, was muttered out of my mouth. Amy has always been a very good friend of mine, but then again, I did have a bit of a crush on her, which made this trip even more exciting. Unbeknownst to be, the trip would prove to be a major turning point in my life. Well the day had finally come. It was a hot and muggy August afternoon as we made our way to Saratoga, NY. As we entered into the city, I was completely surrounded by the beauty that was Spa State Park. After spending time absorbing the scenery, Amy and I made our way into actual venue, which was completely breathtaking. Once there, we anxiously awaited the entrance of the band which everyone came to see. Finally, the band stepped out onto the stage. The first time I saw the band walk onto stage, shot an indescribable rush through my body. The crowd absolutely roared as the band began to play. The first song they played, Everyday, I recognized right away. This song had special meaning to me, and to hear it live ...

Strategies for responsible business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategies for responsible business - Assignment Example For instance, employees may hold sarcastic approach towards the fact that their organization is externally engaged in social work while management is not doing the needful to improve their working conditions. Therefore, the exact definition of CSR can be explained by the overall approach of an organization. A firm that engages in sharing information with its employees regarding probable downsizing, and then helps the displaced employees with new job opportunities is essentially involved in CSR. Likewise, another firm that emphasizes on customer interest by providing them safe, reliable and innovative products is also engaged in a strategic CSR (Waldman et al., 1). The concept of CSR emerged in the aftermath of World War II, and it gained actual foothold in the business world from 1960 onwards (Carroll & Shabana, 85). CSR essentially means that a company performs its certain activities for a larger purpose of social, economic and environmental benefits over its economic and legal goals. Traditionally a business is known for its profit making strategies and its product or service innovations. In this modern age, CRS activities add brand value to an organization. In fact, many organizations promote their CSR activities so as to gain the confidence of more number of people across the globe. The essence of CSR lies in thinking above profit maximization objectives, and striving towards the goal of performing in a viable social and environmental setup. In truth, a company does not legally have any social responsibilities that are not integral part of its business objectives. The need is to put in best efforts to minimize adverse impact on society an d environment; nevertheless the trick lies in balancing such efforts with the core financial objectives. This paper has attempted to critically discuss the following statement: â€Å"Companies engage in CSR because, for a number of reasons, they think it will be good for their profit

Open Innovation in Service Sectors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Open Innovation in Service Sectors - Essay Example As a way of meeting the expansion and evolution in the service sector, which is mostly focused on changes in customer preferences for service delivery, players within the service sector have used research and development (R&D) to identify specific changes that customers desire, so that they can direct or focus their attention on these areas of change. Once companies and institutions adopt this strategy to change with the changing environment in which they do business, we say the companies are engaged in innovation (Harabi 2005). Writing on innovation within the service sectors, Hagedoorn and Cloodt (2003) pointed out that the rate of change and expansion experienced of late demands that companies do just more than the traditional idea of innovation. It is in light of this that writers and reviewers have followed up with research on the most advanced ways in which the service sector can make the best use of innovation. Lately, companies such as LEGO, Barclays Bank and British Broadcas t Corporation (BBC) have introduced the all new term of open innovation in the transaction of most of the businesses they are engaged in, as a way of building on the traditional ideas of innovation. ... On his part, Chesbrough (2003) sees open innovation as a meta-innovation that involves the practice of co-creating with customers in the service industry, where it is traditionally said that for customers to have their way in specifying what they want is very difficult because the experience there is tacit (Meyer 2012). By implication, it can be said that it is the customer that decides on the value of innovation as most forms of changes in the service industry are focused on changes in customer preferences for service delivery. From this opinion, the external stakeholder base that is talked about could be said to be the customer. In some other fields of study, open innovation in the service sector has been regarded to go beyond the customer and include a larger non-shareholder stakeholders such as suppliers, quality assurance teams and marketers (Johne & Storey 2008). A similar definition was put up by Chesbrough (2003, p. 3) who this time round explained open innovation as ‘a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology’. For various organisations, open innovation has been approached using different models and parameters of change. For example, LEGO, Barclays Bank and BBC have all used different models of open innovation, which gives a signal that the best way to approach open innovation in the service sector is to open the concept according to what a company is involved in (Gallouj 2002). Open innovation is also expected to have three major phases made up of transition strategy, dynamic management practice and open innovation culture. These

Computer forensics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Computer forensics - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of computer forensics as a method utilized for the analytical analysis and investigative methods to identify, gather, inspect and preserve information and evidence which is magnetically encoded or stored. Typically computer forensics is used to offer digital evidence of a broad and specific activity in any area of life. Additionally, a forensic analysis is performed for a wide variety of reasons. In the majority of cases, computer forensics is used for the high profile civil litigation or criminal investigation, however digital forensic methods can be of value in a broad range of circumstances, comprising, basically re-tracing steps formulated when information has been lost. Companies that the author has selected for this report are 1) New York Computer Forensics [Web site: Â  http://newyorkcomputerforensics.com]; 2) Guidance Software Professional Services [Web site: http://www.guidancesoftware.com]. New York Computer Forensics Company ha s skilled and expert computer forensic staff and experts. These people effectively utilize the proven methods and sophisticated software, and tools which can be used to analyze and retrieve the entire data on a crime scene system to an absolute level as probable. In this scenario, this kind of material can include deleted files and e-mail and logs and other details that can be related to the problems and issues being examined.

Women and Philantrophy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women and Philantrophy - Article Example Consensus III. Conclusion IV. References I. Executive Summary Coffman cites evidence from various reputable academic and media sources to support her assertions that women give more, give differently, and are reshaping the practice of philanthropy as we know it, in ways that make their giving markedly different from the way men give, and the way philanthropy has been practiced in the past. Studies from recent more recent studies corroborate Coffman's year 2000 assertions1. II. Women and Philanthropy- Report Overview The article posits that women are different from men in the way they approach and deal with philanthropy and the philanthropic activities that they support and get involved in. The differences are in the amount that they give relative to their income, the degree of participation in terms of time and on-going emotional and actual physical involvement in the charities that they support and want to support, and in the way they actually staff many of the nonprofit organizatio ns and charity groups in the country. There are gender line differences in these aspects of philanthropy and charity, in America and elsewhere, and the article posits further that as women become more significant players in American industry and the American economy in general, and as more women occupy positions of importance in many of the nonprofits and charities in the country, the role of women in philanthropy will further increase, and that in turn will change the shape and practice of philanthropy and charity in the United States and elsewhere2. The author divides the article into three parts, and supports the above assertions with citations to studies and articles from reputable institutions and sources, such as the National Foundation for Women Business Owners, consultants with knowhow about women philanthropy from results of studies from institutions such as UCLA, the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education, the University of Tennessee Alliance of Women Philant hropists, media outfits such as The Richmond Times Dispatch, Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, Time Magazine and PBS Television, the University of Virginia3. Women's Approach to Philanthropy The first section details women approaches to charity and how those approaches differ from men's approaches to the same. The overall results show that not only do women give a larger share of their income to charity compared to men, but also that women demand to be involved in the charities that they support, as opposed to men, who in general like to be involved, but do not demand it in the way that women do. Some representative numbers from a survey of American women in business, with a population of 400 respondents, are revealing. More than 50 percent give upwards of 25 thousand dollars to charity annually, and about a fifth give upwards of a hundred thousand dollars annually. More than half give with no consultations from others, and 86 percent make decisions relating to charity based on wh at a charity's mission is and how efficient a charity is operationally and in terms of achieving its mission. Majority want to be kept abreast with developments in the charities they support, and wish to connect with their chosen charities on an emotional level. Emotion and involvement, and a desire for changes in basic issues that matter to them. Meanwhile, statistics from studies confirm that a greater percentage of women than men give to charity,and give a greater share of their income compared to men4: In 1996, the Alliance states, 71 percent of women gave to nonprofit organizations, compared to 65 percent of men. Women also gave a larger portion of their income to philanthropy; although as a group women earned 75 percent of men's total income, women's overall contribution to charity was 93

Nursing Practice Gap Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Practice Gap Analysis Paper - Essay Example However, attempts to develop have been faced with the challenge caused by the gap between theory and practice. What the students learn is viewed as ideal and not the reality of what happens in healthcare. Therefore, there is need to analyze the gap and reconcile theory with practice for advanced nursing practice. This paper analyses an area of nursing practice with a gap between theory and practice. it will talk about an area that lack of theoretical support, theory developments and rationale for theory. 2. Nursing Practice Gap. Theory presents information that form a basis for understanding nursing, therefore, information offered in the classroom is a representation of what happens in practice as Walker and Avant (2005, p. 9) note. Nursing students often find themselves in challenging situations where they have to find solutions in practice after successfully engaging in theoretical studies. 2.1. Area of nursing that lacks theoretical support. Caring theory is an area that provides understanding to the gap between theory and practice. According to the caring theory nurses can show care by upholding the well being of a patient. The nurse will administer drugs and participate in prevention of infections. The challenge lies in the actions of the nurse, the process of care and meeting expectations of the patient. Theory of care does not adequately cover the measure of care a nurse can poses given a specific situation. The capacity of care may vary from one individual to another. Commitment of the nurse in their relationship with the patient for care is not adequately supported. Additionally, a complimentary environment for giving care is required and not often clearly emphasized in the theory. Caring actions are overlooked and not given priority in the theory as it is in practice. Caring actions include enabling, assisting, staying together, recognizing and beliefs of the patient. In practice, nurses realize that caring actions have consequences. Although the nurs e may give out, the intended outcome may not be realized. The conditions for giving care can be complicated. Patients and their relatives need care, which is shown through professionalism, leadership and care delivery. Care may be hindered by problems emanating from either the organization, nurse or the patient. The caring theory may require the nurse to spend time with the patient to know how they are coping with the illness. This may not be practical because the nurse must find a balance between their assigned tasks. 2.2. Current theory development. In order to improve giving care to patients in the hospital, unique and specific actions have been proposed as the appropriate ways of giving care. Actions that would make the patient obtain and believe in care have been preferred. The actions would translate theory into practice. According to Tonges and Ray (2011, p. 376), developments in care theory propounds that nurses participate in maintaining the faith or belief of the patient t o aid in the transition of their well being. The nurse strives to know and understand issues and events happening that could affect the well being of the patient. Taking care of a patient has incorporated the emotional support to the patient and relatives. In an attempt to close the gap between caring theory and practice, nurses practice doing for others what they would like done to them. Furthermore, there are situations where giving care in person can be a challenge; hence, it is recommended that the nurse facilitates for others so that they can take care of

Strategic management leadership strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management leadership strategy - Essay Example An organizational change that leads to a more organic and flexible environment would be related strongly to the entrepreneurial spirit. This means that there must be an adjustment away from the traditional school of top-down management that seeks out new talent and innovation to maintain a strong level of competition (Timmons 2004). The importance of entrepreneurial management strategy also relates to the need to incorporate unique skill sets and knowledge management into the corporate environment (Rigsby and Greco 2003). Very often, companies require employees to work long hours, and yet remain flexible in the evolution and growth of the company (Rigsby and Greco 2003, Timmons 2004). This often has an effect on the balance between work and life for the employee, and difficulties often arise when employees do not embrace excitement, innovation and opportunity, the essence of the entrepreneurial spirit (Rigsby and Greco 2003, Timmons 2004). Another issue with traditional top-down mana gement is that it very often imposes restrictions on creativity. An overabundance of policies will not enhance change management, but instead can stifle it and, possibly, be counteractive to the empowerment and encouragement of employees (Rigsby and Greco 2003). Motivating change requires that the people within the organization understand and commit to the change; creating vision in employees is a continuation of commitment where employees know where they fit into that change; developing political support means that stakeholders-from employees to HR professionals-have been assessed according to their place and function in the change; managing the transition must be set by parameters and adequate available technology as well as an understanding employee wide of how the parameters and technology work towards the goals. The momentum of leadership in change management is sustained by "(1) providing resources for change, (2) building a support system for the agents of change (3) developing related competencies and skills among those charged with administering and using the modified process and (4) reinforcing new behaviors called for by the changed environment" (Dreher and Doherty p 17 2001). Assumptions Change management is not without its assumptions. Organizational change management strategies that rely on the theories may not fully examine their own nature and culture. Most management theories assume that change management is a process and not a continuous improvement event (McKelvey and Holmen 2006). This is strongly relative to the idea of leadership, rather than management. Management is a process that organizes and implements, where leadership is an idea that presents and motivates. In the face of business and organizational changes, it is important that both paradigms exist, but as noted by McKelvey and Holmen (2006), leadership is often overlooked in management strategy. To understand the manners in which good managers can lead the organization members through business changes and

Women and Philantrophy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women and Philantrophy - Article Example Consensus III. Conclusion IV. References I. Executive Summary Coffman cites evidence from various reputable academic and media sources to support her assertions that women give more, give differently, and are reshaping the practice of philanthropy as we know it, in ways that make their giving markedly different from the way men give, and the way philanthropy has been practiced in the past. Studies from recent more recent studies corroborate Coffman's year 2000 assertions1. II. Women and Philanthropy- Report Overview The article posits that women are different from men in the way they approach and deal with philanthropy and the philanthropic activities that they support and get involved in. The differences are in the amount that they give relative to their income, the degree of participation in terms of time and on-going emotional and actual physical involvement in the charities that they support and want to support, and in the way they actually staff many of the nonprofit organizatio ns and charity groups in the country. There are gender line differences in these aspects of philanthropy and charity, in America and elsewhere, and the article posits further that as women become more significant players in American industry and the American economy in general, and as more women occupy positions of importance in many of the nonprofits and charities in the country, the role of women in philanthropy will further increase, and that in turn will change the shape and practice of philanthropy and charity in the United States and elsewhere2. The author divides the article into three parts, and supports the above assertions with citations to studies and articles from reputable institutions and sources, such as the National Foundation for Women Business Owners, consultants with knowhow about women philanthropy from results of studies from institutions such as UCLA, the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education, the University of Tennessee Alliance of Women Philant hropists, media outfits such as The Richmond Times Dispatch, Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, Time Magazine and PBS Television, the University of Virginia3. Women's Approach to Philanthropy The first section details women approaches to charity and how those approaches differ from men's approaches to the same. The overall results show that not only do women give a larger share of their income to charity compared to men, but also that women demand to be involved in the charities that they support, as opposed to men, who in general like to be involved, but do not demand it in the way that women do. Some representative numbers from a survey of American women in business, with a population of 400 respondents, are revealing. More than 50 percent give upwards of 25 thousand dollars to charity annually, and about a fifth give upwards of a hundred thousand dollars annually. More than half give with no consultations from others, and 86 percent make decisions relating to charity based on wh at a charity's mission is and how efficient a charity is operationally and in terms of achieving its mission. Majority want to be kept abreast with developments in the charities they support, and wish to connect with their chosen charities on an emotional level. Emotion and involvement, and a desire for changes in basic issues that matter to them. Meanwhile, statistics from studies confirm that a greater percentage of women than men give to charity,and give a greater share of their income compared to men4: In 1996, the Alliance states, 71 percent of women gave to nonprofit organizations, compared to 65 percent of men. Women also gave a larger portion of their income to philanthropy; although as a group women earned 75 percent of men's total income, women's overall contribution to charity was 93

Strategic management leadership strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management leadership strategy - Essay Example An organizational change that leads to a more organic and flexible environment would be related strongly to the entrepreneurial spirit. This means that there must be an adjustment away from the traditional school of top-down management that seeks out new talent and innovation to maintain a strong level of competition (Timmons 2004). The importance of entrepreneurial management strategy also relates to the need to incorporate unique skill sets and knowledge management into the corporate environment (Rigsby and Greco 2003). Very often, companies require employees to work long hours, and yet remain flexible in the evolution and growth of the company (Rigsby and Greco 2003, Timmons 2004). This often has an effect on the balance between work and life for the employee, and difficulties often arise when employees do not embrace excitement, innovation and opportunity, the essence of the entrepreneurial spirit (Rigsby and Greco 2003, Timmons 2004). Another issue with traditional top-down mana gement is that it very often imposes restrictions on creativity. An overabundance of policies will not enhance change management, but instead can stifle it and, possibly, be counteractive to the empowerment and encouragement of employees (Rigsby and Greco 2003). Motivating change requires that the people within the organization understand and commit to the change; creating vision in employees is a continuation of commitment where employees know where they fit into that change; developing political support means that stakeholders-from employees to HR professionals-have been assessed according to their place and function in the change; managing the transition must be set by parameters and adequate available technology as well as an understanding employee wide of how the parameters and technology work towards the goals. The momentum of leadership in change management is sustained by "(1) providing resources for change, (2) building a support system for the agents of change (3) developing related competencies and skills among those charged with administering and using the modified process and (4) reinforcing new behaviors called for by the changed environment" (Dreher and Doherty p 17 2001). Assumptions Change management is not without its assumptions. Organizational change management strategies that rely on the theories may not fully examine their own nature and culture. Most management theories assume that change management is a process and not a continuous improvement event (McKelvey and Holmen 2006). This is strongly relative to the idea of leadership, rather than management. Management is a process that organizes and implements, where leadership is an idea that presents and motivates. In the face of business and organizational changes, it is important that both paradigms exist, but as noted by McKelvey and Holmen (2006), leadership is often overlooked in management strategy. To understand the manners in which good managers can lead the organization members through business changes and

Music and Literature Essay Example for Free

Music and Literature Essay Music and literature have played an important role in our community and society since not only humans but the earth was born. It’s still a great mystery as to who invented or made music first. But first of all we shouldnt focus as to when was music made but should see that what actually music is? How to define music has long been the subject of debate; philosophers, musicians, and, more recently, various social and natural scientists have argued about what constitutes music. The definition has varied through history, in different regions, and within societies. Definitions vary as music, like art, is a subjectively perceived phenomenon. Its definition has been tackled by philosophers of art, lexicographers, composers, music critics, musicians, linguists, sociologists, and neurologists. Music may be defined according to various criteria including organization, pleasantness, intent, social construction, perceptual processes and engagement, universal aspects or family resemblances, and through contrast or negative definition. Music is sometime said to be a branch of literature. Now the question stands that what is literature? Literature is the body of all written works; the collected creative writing of a nation, people, group, or culture; all the papers, treatises, etc. published in academic journals on a particular subject. its particularly hard to understand but in simple words literature means a piece of work written deeply form the or whatever your experiences and brain say and to put that experience and the work of brain into a piece of writing. Literature comes from the Latin word literra meaning a piece of writing. Literature has many branches like narrative stories, novels, poems and etc. Music is also a famous branch of literature. There are many music lovers found all over the world. Music is further separated into many other branches e.g. jazz, pop and etc. Music has been with us since the start of our beautiful earth. Music is just an inch away from us always: it’s in the rustling of leafs, the sound of waves hitting the shore, the quite sound that trees make when they sway in the air.

Does Poverty Exist in the Uk?

Does Poverty Exist in the Uk? Does Poverty exist in contemporary Britain? The answer to this question depends to a large extent on how poverty is defined and measured. It is, like many sociological issues, an ‘essentially contested concept’ and as such, there has been much debate around what exactly constitutes poverty. However, even accepting that poverty itself denotes different things to different people, it can still be argued that poverty or indeed ‘poverties’ are a real problem in Britain today which need to be addressed by government and society in order to optimise equality in our society. How should we define poverty? It is useful firstly to refer to some widely used definitions. Charles Booth writing in 1889 was one of the first to explore the area of poverty when he published a work showing that one third of Londoners were living in dire poverty. By ‘poverty’ he was referring to a ‘lack of basic requirements to sustain a physically healthy existence [and] sufficient food and shelter to make possible the physically efficient functioning of the body’ (cited in Giddens, 2001, p236). This is referred to as subsistence poverty- literally not having the means to survive. Benjamin Rowntree referred to primary poverty and secondary poverty. By primary poverty he meant those who were unable to afford a basket of necessities for ‘merely physical efficiency’. Secondary poverty referred to those who had more income than those living in primary poverty but who still suffered poverty lifestyles. (cited Flaherty et al 2004, p16) Another widely quoted definition of poverty is Townsend’s. In 1979 he stated, ‘Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or are at least widely recognised or approved, societies to which they belong. Their resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family that they are in effect, excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities’ (cited Flaherty et al, 2004, p17). Whilst the World Bank described poverty as ‘the inability to attain a minimal standard of living’, the UN defines poverty as follows: ‘Poverty has various manifestations including lack of income and productive resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods; hunger and malnutrition; ill health; limited or lack of access to education and other basic services; increased morbidity and mortality from illness; homelessness and inadequate housing; unsafe environments and social discrimination and exclusion. It is also characterised by lack of participation in decision making and in civil, social and cultural life. It occurs in all countries: as mass poverty in many developing countries, pockets of poverty amidst wealth in developed countries, loss of livelihoods as a result of economic recession, sudden poverty as a result of disaster or conflict, the poverty y of low-wage workers, and the utter destitution of people who fall outside family support systems, institutions and safety nets’ (Flaherty et al 2004, p13). From this range of definitions can be seen the difference between absolute and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is based on the notion of subsistence which in itself is defined as the minimum amount needed to sustain life. As Alcock points out however, it is a contradiction to say someone is living below subsistence levels because, how can those without enough to live on, live? (1997, p68) The answer of course is that they do not- or at least not for very long. In contrast relative poverty is, in Alcock’s words, ‘a more subjective or social standard’ (1997, p69). This is the poverty which Townsend refers to where poverty and deprivation are judged in the context of the society in which an individual lives. Townsend also looked at poverty in terms of how it affected an individual’s ability to engage in social activities. From this the notion of social exclusion was developed and definitions of poverty broadened to include various types of deprivation. Townsend developed a deprivation index based on items which he saw as necessary to the whole of society and used these along with income levels to measure deprivation. However, there are some difficulties with this approach. For example as Baldock et al point out, where one of the deprivation indicators was not eating cooked meals, some people may prefer to eat salads and sandwiches from choice. (Baldock et al 2003, p119) Therefore it is difficult to differentiate where in some instances people may choose to be without what Townsend considered to be a necessity. Mack and Lansley further developed Townsend’s work by coming up with a ‘consensual approach top poverty.’ They asked respondents what they considered as necessities and from this feedback they measured poverty which they defined crucially as ‘an enforced lack of socially perceived necessities’ (cited in Baldock et al p119). By referring to ‘socially perceived necessities’ they avo ided having to make judgements on what constituted necessities. The difficulties with subsistence approaches to poverty is that it is inevitable that at some point an arbitrary decision will have to be made about what exactly is needed for subsistence. On the other hand, the problem with the relative measure of poverty is that where a society may have a small section of extremely wealthy people, the level of what is considered to be poverty relatively may be artificially high. For our purposes, it is easier to work with Sen’s assertion that ‘if there is starvation and hunger then, no matter what the relative picture looks like there clearly is poverty’ (cited Flaherty et al 2004, p17). However it is measured, it is clear that poverty exists and is even becoming a more acute problem in contemporary Britain. Flaherty et al cite statistics which reveal that between 1979 and 2001/2 the numbers of people living in households with below 60% of the median income after housing costs rose from 7.1 million to 12.5 million, that is, from 13% of the population to 22% of the population (2004, p31). Nearly a third of children in the UK live in poverty and this figure is even higher in Northern Ireland. In March 2003, 7.6 million British people were living on the safety net of benefits of income support or the jobseeker’s allowance. By the mid nineties, Britain’s child poverty rates were third only to the USA and Russia (2004, p69). The measure used to determine poverty by the British government is based on the Household Below Average Income Statistics. The HBAI looks at data along a number of income thresholds. The 60% of median income after housing costs, adjusted for family size, is a measurement tool used as a proxy for income poverty. As Flaherty et al state, ‘it is an explicitly ‘relative’ measure which looks at how people at the bottom of the income distribution have fared in relation to the median’ (2004, p31). As well as being used by the British government, it is also the headline indicator used by the European union to determine those who are at risk of poverty. Although the poverty we refer to here is largely to do with income and having the basic necessities in life- the term poverty is also used to describe people who are missing out on elements of social life which may be considered important by others. For example, cultural poverty or educational poverty. Whilst education is accepted as a basic human right, not having an education does not necessarily mean that a person cannot live a healthy and happy life, whereas not having food and warmth does. These poverties might be more aptly described in terms of social exclusion. Blakemore highlights the differences between social exclusion and poverty. Firstly, social exclusion focuses on relationships to society rather than material resources. Secondly social exclusion normally refers to exclusion from educational opportunities or from the labour market. Thirdly, remedies for social exclusion are different than those for poverty (2003, p85) What kind of people are at risk from poverty? Whilst it would seem natural to assume that unemployed people would be most at risk, this is not the case. Bilton et al (2002) outline which groups o people are more likely to suffer poverty and assert, ‘it is people in low-paid, insecure work who constitute the bulk of those below the income poverty line.’ The second largest group of people likely to suffer poverty are the elderly. ‘because life expectancy has increased, earlier retirement has become more common and state pensions have reduced in real terms, the elderly comprise an ever larger section of the poor. Unequal life chances continue through old age.’ Another group at risk are lone parent families and although less common, large families. In addition those who are sick or disabled are also more vulnerable to poverty(Bilton et al 2002, pp78-79). Millar argued in 1993 that three factors have contributed to the growth of poverty: a significant level of un employment; the increase in low-paid work; the growth of ‘precarious’ or ‘flexible’ employment (cited Bilton, 2002, p79). Such employment patterns tend to optimise profit and boost the economy but the downside is that vulnerable workers especially in unskilled occupations, are lacking in job security and all the benefits that brings. Another question which must be asked is whether it is possible to escape poverty. This depends on social mobility which Giddens defines as ‘the movements of individuals and groups between different socio-economic positions’ (2001, p229). The evidence seems to suggest that whilst those most at risk of poverty may be likely to always be vulnerable to extreme poverty, many people suffer regular periods of short-term poverty. As Jenkins et al state, ‘from a dynamic perspective, one may distinguish three groups: the persistently poor, the recurrently poor, and the temporarily poor’ (cited Flaherty et al 2004, p47) Jenkins et al’s studies over a number of years (1991-1999) found that a pattern emerged of ‘one of relatively short poverty spells for the majority, but relatively long spells for a significant minority.’ For many people life events can be the push factor in or out of poverty. For example exit from family poverty is most likely to co me through finding paid work whilst a change in household composition is more likely to assist a lone parents family’s exit from poverty. (Flaherty et al 2004, p48) In conclusion, the evidence is ample to show that poverty is a very real problem in Britain today whether it is measured in relative or absolute terms or whether it is conceptualised along lines of deprivation or exclusion. What is perhaps most worrying is that as a society, Britain is becoming more unequal than ever before. For example between 1979 and 1995, whilst the incomes of the richest tenth of the population rose by 60%, the incomes of the poorest tenth fell by 8% (Hills 1995, cited Baldock et al 2003, p121). This was still the case in the late 1990s when, according to Gordon et al, ‘the disposable incomes of the poorest and richest groups were still edging apart’ (cited Blakemore, 2003, p78). Those who are most likely to experience a reduction in income levels include ethnic minorities and women. Children are also more likely to suffer the worst effects of poverty. In 1999, Blair promised to end child poverty in a generation. It remains to be seen whether this w ill be achieved although with a mandate for a third term, it can only be hoped that important work already carried out to tackle child poverty will be consolidated. Some policy changes have already begun to make a difference in child poverty but poverty as a whole is still an issue which needs more time and resources devoted to it if poverty is to be eradicated. References Alcock P, (1997)Â  Understanding Poverty 2nd Edition Basingstoke: Palgrave Baldock J, Manning N, Vickerstaff S (2003) Social Policy London: Oxford University Press Bilton T, Bonnett K, Jones P, Lawson T, Skinner D, Stanworth M, Webster A, (2002) Introductory Sociology 4th Ed Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Blakemore K, (2003) Social Policy an introduction Buckinghamshire: Oxford University Press Flaherty J, Veit-Wilson J, Dornan P (2004) Poverty: the facts 5th Edition London: Child Poverty Action Group Giddens A, (2001) Sociology Cambridge: Polity Press

The Mask of Ra :: essays research papers

This book sucked, actually I didn't read it, it was to long and I had to little time.456555555555555554gfdgkldf;aslksdd;lfsalf;dsldlf;ksdfBack to essays. Home. Legislative Analysis for the National Minimum Drinking Age Act by Alex Koroknay - Palicz The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is perhaps the law that has the most impact on the day-to-day lives of America's youth since it was signed into law on July 17, 1984. While the 21-year-old drinking age seems imbedded in American society, it is only a recent innovation. Most people do not know that the drinking age was only made a national law in 1984, and only after a determined battle by special interest groups. First and foremost this paper will discuss the history of the drinking age issue in America. Then covering the people involved in this issue. This bill concerned many notable politicians and lobbyists, fighting for it and against it; they left their impact on the future of our nation. These eminent people have gone down in history for the effect they have had on this piece of legislation. Following that this paper will delve into the lengthy process that is required for an idea to become a bill and finally be passed into law. Both houses and several committees exerted their influence on this and helped it on its way. Special interest groups also had a profound effect on this piece of legislation. Finally I will add my own conclusions about the bill and analyze the political process. The history of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act truly started back before Prohibition. The temperance movement used selective prohibition (drinking ages) as a stepping stone approach to their goal of outlawing all alcohol. Finally they did achieve the goal of total Prohibition of alcohol, and in 1919 the 18th amendment to the constitution was ratified. Although do to the seemingly ineffectualness of Prohibition and the change in public opinion, the 18th amendment was in 1933 repealed by the 21st amendment. What followed was a compromise with the lingering temperance movement and the modern drinking age was established. "The political failure of general Prohibition meant that American adults would increasingly focus justifications for alcohol policy less on the perils of drunkenness and more on the tenuous concept that adults can drink properly but youths cannot or should not." (Males 190) From the end of Prohibition until 1984 drinking ages were determined by the states, many of them had the age at 21 while several lowered the age to 18 for the purchase of beer.

Are You Unique? (for Cloning) :: essays research papers fc

You have been told that you are unique. The belief that there is no one else like you in the whole world has made you feel special and proud. In the near future, this belief may not be true. The world was stunned by the news in the summer of 1995, when a British embryologist named Ian Wilmut, and his research team, successfully cloned Dolly the sheep using the technique of nuclear transfer. Replacing the DNA of one sheep’s egg with the DNA of another sheep’s udder created Dolly. Plants and lower forms of animal life have been successfully cloned for many years, but before Wilmut's announcement, it had been thought by many to be unlikely that such a procedure could be performed on larger mammals and life forms. The world media was immediately filled with heated discussions about the ethical implications of cloning. Some of the most powerful people in the world have felt compelled to act against this threat. President Clinton swiftly imposed a ban on federal funding for human-cloning research. Bills were put in the works in both houses of Congress to outlaw human cloning because it was deemed as a fundamentally evil thing that must be stopped. But what, exactly, is bad about it? From an ethical point of view, it is difficult to see exactly what is wrong with cloning human beings. The people who are afraid of cloning tend to assume that someone would, for example, break into Napoleon's Tomb, steal some DNA and make a bunch of emperors. In reality, infertile people who use donated sperm, eggs, or embryos would probably use cloning. Do the potential harms outweigh the benefits of cloning? From what we know now, they don't. Therefore, we should not rush placing a ban on a potentially useful method of helping infertile, genetically at-risk, homosexual, or single people to become parents. Do human beings have a right to reproduce? No one has the moral right to tell another person that they should not be able to have children, and I don't see why Bill Clinton has that right either. If humans have a right to reproduce, what right does society have to limit the means? Essentially all reproduction done these days is with medical help at delivery, and even before. Truly natural human reproduction would make pregnancy-related death the number one killer of adult women. Some forms of medical help are more invasive than others.

The Social Role of Women

If asked what is the social role of women? The most logical answer would be that of a mother, a nurturer. Someone else may say barefoot and pregnant but it all panned out to be the same thing, inferiority. Throughout the centuries, women such as Mary Wollstonecraft fought to change this gender stereotype. It is socially thought that women are inferior to men, which is still the case in many countries. A Vindication on the Rights of Women was written back in the 1700’s, where women were to be submissive to their husbands.Disobedience was not tolerated. The cooking, cleaning, and rearing of children was the main objective. Wollstonecraft pointed out in her writings her displeasure of the government, and how women were not allowed to participate in the political issues but were expected to abide by its laws. Women were poorly educated, but expected to educate their children. Therefore, children received poor educations [ (Wollstonecraft) ]. Even in this time; many women felt the woes of their confinement and wanted to be more socially accepted.Women played major roles in shaping this country. During the Civil War, women such as Sarah Emma Edmonds acted as nurses, Union and Confederate soldiers, and even spies [ (Wilson) ]. After the Civil War, it brought about significant change for women’s rights. Wollstonecraft wanted equal opportunity in the political policy as well as in the government. She wrote a letter to M. Talleyrand Perigord, Late Bishop of Autun, she states, â€Å"I plead for my sex not for myself, in calling upon you now to weigh what I have advanced respecting the rights of woman and national education†. (Wollstonecraft) ] Wollstonecraft demanded Perigord do an investigation on the Constitution, and when it is revised that women be included in the revised version. As we look at today’s social standards, we as women have come a long way. We now own businesses; we are in congress, and even running for President. I do believe that a woman would be able to run this country just as well as men. We are the backbones of our men without us they would not have gone as far as we have. We still have some obstacles to hurdle over.Now that we have broken out of the homes and into the workplace, we must now battle to be equally paid and acknowledged as that of men. Women are overlooked but we are paving our own way to equality. One day we will be looked at as an opponent and not a subordinate.Bibliography Wilson, Barbara A. Women were There. 3 December 2010 <http://userpages. aug. com/captbarb/femvets2. html>. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication on the Rights of Women. New York, NY: Penguin Classics, 2004.

Ascii Code

Samuel Mercuri MGF 1107 Pickle Project 7 Computers do not recognize letters, text, or words. They only deal with numbers. To get computers to work with text, we have to represent each character as a number. The text files you read and write are actually stored, loaded into memory, and transposed into numbers. When the file is shown on your screen, the numbers are transposed again into letters and text. The first 31 ASCII codes control commands, or non printable characters that control how the data will be interpreted. ASCII is a computer code originally based on the letters of the English alphabet.It is an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange and is used to represent text in computers, communications equipment, and texting devices. Each letter and number is given an ASCII code. Certain commands are also given an ASCII code. For example, the ASCII code for A is 65, and the ASCII code for 4 is 52. Work on the ASCII code started in 1960, and in 1968 President L yndon B Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by the United States government support ASCII code. Computers use ASCII code to communicate with each other. http://www. ascii-code. com/The following table shows the ASCII code for letters, numbers, and commands. The ASCII code for the word â€Å"Bears† would be: 66 101 97 114 115. Note that the ASCII code is different for uppercase and lowercase letters. B: 66 e: 101 a: 97 r: 114 s: 115 By the same token- the code: 68 105 115 110 99 121 would read â€Å"Disney† once transposed. 68: D 105: i 115: s 110: n 99: e 121: y You could see these as an example of how we use our computers to communicate. We type letters and words, the computer transposes them into a code that it can understand and sends it to your friend’s computer.Your friend’s computer understands the code and transposes it back into text so your friend can read what you wrote. [pic] http://www. tntbasic. com/learn/help/guides/asciicodesexpla ined. htm Why is ASCII code important? Because ASCII files can be used as a common denominator for data conversions. Let’s say Program A can’t convert its data to the format of program B. But if both programs can input and output ASCII code, then the conversion may still be possible. Most e-mail transmissions are limited to ASCII characters.Because of this, it is not possible to use special formatting such as Italics or underlines. This is also why graphic files, music, spreadsheets, or documents with non ASCII characters in them must be sent as attachments to the e-mail. When they reach their destination, they will be â€Å"decoded† for use. http://www. telacommunications. com/nutshell/ascii. htm These words come together to make sentences. So for example: â€Å"Who let the dogs out? † would look like this: 87 104 111 32 108 101 116 32 116 104 101 32 100 111 103 115 32 111 117 116 63 87 104 111: Who 2: space bar 108 101 116: let 32: space bar 116 104 101 : the 32: space bar 100 111 103: dogs 32: space bar 111 117 116 63: out? Some people will even use ASCII code to draw pictures called â€Å"ASCII art†. This person drew a picture of Mickey Mouse. _____ .d88888888bo. .d8888888888888b. 8888888888888888b 888888888888888888 888888888888888888 Y8888888888888888 ,od888888888888888888P .'`Y8P'â€Å"`'Y8888888888P' .'_ ` _ ‘Y88888888b / _` _ ` Y88888888b ____ _ | / / 8888888888. d888888b. d8b | | /| | /| 8888888888d8888888888b 888_ \_|/ \_|/ d888888888888888888888b .Y8P `'-. d88888888888888888888888 / ` ` `Y8888888888888888 | __ 888888888888888P / ` dPY8888888888P' ‘. _ . ‘ . ‘ `Y888888P` `†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ-. ,__ ___. -‘ . -‘ jgs `-. _â€Å"â€Å" __.. –‘` â€Å"â€Å"â€Å" ASCII code is different from binary code because it only transfers files as text. Examples of ASCII files would be . txt, . asp, . html, and . php. Binary code is used to transfer raw data such as music, vide os, or pictures.If someone tries to decode a document containing such raw data using ASCII, they will probably get a response that the file is corrupted. There are programs online that can transfer between ASCII code and binary code. http://www. coreftp. com/docs/web1/Ascii_vs_Binary_transfers. htm There is also an upper case ASCII table which is not officially recognized. It tends to vary based on the computer or font being used. Some characters in this table are more common than others. [pic] In short, ASCII code is how our computers operate, process information, and communicate among each other.

An Introduction To Encryption And Decryption

An Introduction To Encryption And Decryption CHAPTER 1 This thesis proposes a VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) design of Encryption and Decryption Algorithm for Data. In this chapter, the challenges of cryptography is firstly presented. This chapter also briefly discusses the problem definition, scope of work and the thesis objectives are also highlighted.Finally, the chapter end with the chapter organization. The dissertation presentation is provided at the end 1.1 An introduction to Encryption and Decryption, a type of cryptography Encryption and Decryption, a type of cryptography, refers to the process of scrambling information so that the observer cannot be detecting the data. Cryptographic key is a piece of data used to encrypt or decrypt to plaintext. (Alex Brennen V., 2004) The Crypto, from the word cryptographic mean is it has its origins in the Greek word KRUOTOS, which means hidden. Thus the objective of cryptography is to hide information so that only the intended recipient can read it.[2] . Cryptographic is a protocol or method of performing encryption and decryption (Alex Brennen V., 2004). There are two types of cryptographic: symmetric and asymmetric key. Figure 1.1 is example a symmetric cryptographic has a single key, which is used for both encrypting and decrypting information. Data Encryption and Decryption is a well-known example of symmetric cryptographic. In symmetric cryptographic, public-key cryptographic uses complementary pair of keys to divided the process of encryption and decryption. This process is shown in Figure 1.2. This part is discuss about the symmetric-key cryptographic only.[3]. The proposed projects is to create the algorithms where it is use to convert of information, rearranging the original massage produce output referred as ciphertext Plaintext Plaintext Ciphertext Key Figure 1.1: Symmetric Cryptographic Plaintext Plaintext Ciphertext Encryption Key and Decryption Key Figure 1.2: Public-Key Cryptographic 1.2 Problem Statement At present there are many encryption and decryption, especially in the communication system provided in a variety of application. Encryption and decryption is particularly impacted in the field of military communications and reliable security data to protection for transmitting. This ciphertext is used in the military is to send information such as direction, strategy, secret codes and other information that can not be know by the national foe during the war.[4] Creating this system is the process by which information can not be detect by the national foe. The information can not be recognizing by the national foe because this system is using the process to encrypt data and decrypt data. [4] 1.3 Scopes of Work Based on available software resources, limited time frame and expertise, this research project is narrowed down to the following scope of work: 1. The project is only to design fixed 64-bit input of data block size, 64-bit output of data block size and 56-bit of key size based on an Encryption and Decr yption algorithm . 2. The projects is limited to design, to synthesis, to simulate and to verify the design in Altera Quartus II software. Objective The project are to create a system that can protect electronic data (secret information) which Consist of encryption and decryption process and to fully design an encryption and decryption algorithm using VHDL. The objectives of this project are

Global financial crisis and its effects on Nokia Company Assignment

Global financial crisis and its effects on Nokia Company - Assignment Example On one side, many people believed those responsible for the crisis were the ones receiving bailouts, whereas on the other end, the worldwide financial problems were to affect the livelihoods of almost every individual on the planet due to global interconnection. The subprime turmoil came about in large potion due to the financial tools such as securitization used by banks (Sheila, 2008: 20). Through securitization, banks would pool some of their loans into sellable assets. In so doing, they off-load the risky loans onto others. For this matter, banks knew they would make millions of cash through money-earning loans. However, these money-earning loans tied up for decades, therefore, banks turned them into securities. Security buyers received payments regularly from all mortgages. As a result, the U.S. banks off- loaded their risks. Upon testing this instrument, financial gurus saw securitization as perhaps the greatest innovation of the 20th century. With economic slump entrenching it s effects into the global economy, the divisions of the Nokia including telecommunication and mobile phones division started backing up the pillars of Nokia. In spite of the global deep recession, Nokia grasped potential, quickly came to its feet, and soon started streamlining its business. Financial crisis affected most financial institutions. However, as the securitization business continued buoying, high street banks got into a form of investment banking where they bought, sold, and traded risks. Same investment banks not contented with trading risks, selling and buying, they ventured into home loans and mortgages while they lacked the right management and controls. Many banks took huge sums of money inform of loans thus increasing their... This paper seeks to address the global issue of the financial crisis unfolding, and tries to consider the effects the crisis had on money lending institutions. Also, the change in the financial state of Nokia company is being considered against the background of the crisis. The subprime turmoil came about in large potion due to the financial tools such as securitization used by banks . Through securitization, banks would pool some of their loans into sellable assets. In so doing, they off-load the risky loans onto others. For this matter, banks knew they would make millions through money-earning loans. These money-earning loans tied up for decades, therefore, banks turned them into securities. Security buyers received payments regularly from all mortgages. The U.S. banks off-loaded their risks. Financial crisis affected most financial institutions. High street banks got into a form of investment banking where they bought, sold, and traded risks. Same investment banks not contented with trading risks, selling and buying, they ventured into home loans and mortgages while they lacked the right management and controls. Many banks took huge sums of money in form of loans thus increasing their exposure to financial problems. When people eventually began noticing the risk, their confidence fell down at an alarming rate. As a result, the level of lending slowed down at once and in other cases ceased . September 14, 2008 witnessed Lehman Brothers collapse. Following its collapse, governments worldwide struggled to rescue their gigantic financial institutions as the state of the failing stock and housing sectors persisted. In conclusion, global financial crisis was inflicting and driving even the developed economies bankrupt.

Equalization in Canada verses Equalization in Australia Essay

Equalization in Canada verses Equalization in Australia - Essay Example Equalization is one of four major federal transfer programs. The others are the Canada Health Transfer, the Canada Social Transfer, and the Territorial Formula Financing (the main source of revenue for territorial governments). Equalization is the federal government's main device for reducing fiscal inequalities between the 'have and have-not' provinces (Mapleleafweb). The grant to receive equalization funding is calculated by a formula assessing each province's revenue raising ability against a five-province standard. Presently eight Canadian provinces receive equalization: Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Saskatchewan. This program is the Canadian government's most important initiative for reducing fiscal discrepancies between provinces (Equalization Program). Equalization payments allow less prosperous provincial governments to offer their residents public services such as hospital fees, electricity, water and other basics that are comparable to those in other provinces and at similar taxation levels. Each province receives unconditional equalization payments. ... For 2005-06 eight provinces are expected to qualify for $10.9 billion in equalization entitlements. The provincial governments may spend the equalization money they receive in any way they desire, unlike conditional transfer payments such as the Canada Health and Social Transfer. The equalization payments guarantee equal levels of health care, education, and welfare in all the provinces. Equalization payments do not involve payment transfers from wealthy provinces to poorer provinces. Instead the federal treasury provides the funds for these payments. In other words, for example, a wealthy citizen from a poorer province like New Brunswick, pays more into equalization than a poorer citizen in wealthy province like Ontario. Since Ontario has a bigger population and wealth, the citizens of Ontario as a whole pay more federal taxes and therefore their total contribution in equalization payments is greater than that of New Brunswick. Equalization payments also aid by encouraging national unity. Quebec, the most populous of the poorer provinces, is the largest single beneficiary of the payments. 70% of the 10 million Canadians of the poorer provinces reside in Quebec when British Columbia and Saskatchewan are removed. The history of Equalization dates back to Confederation and the Constitution Act of 1867. Two basic principles that Canada's founding fathers based the separation of legislative powers: 1) The central government must retain much of its revenue generating power for the purpose of building railroads 2) 'Coordinate federalism' in which provincial governments act independently and autonomously within predefined powers and must be the basis for the division of powers between provinces and the central government. The great

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Buddhism - Essay Example Atman can be seen as a particle of the universal soul (Brahman), which lives in each person. In turn, Buddhism denies such understanding of the soul and its varieties. Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism does not regard the human soul as an unchanging essence, because for Buddhism the soul is a flow of human experiences, feelings and sensations. Such an understanding seriously affects the idea of ​​rebirth that is represented in Hinduism and Buddhism: in Hinduism, reincarnation implies that the constant soul changes its body, while Buddhism focuses on the fact that it is about the rebirth of the soul, the resumption of its existence. Despite the contradiction between the different versions of Hinduism, they all share certain fundamental ideas (Whitman 608). According to the general Hindu notions, beyond the volatile physical world there is a single universal, unchanging, and eternal spirit called Brahman. The soul (Atman) of each being in the universe, including the gods, is a part of that spirit. In fact, â€Å"Hinduism believe in the existence of Atman, that is the individual soul and Brahman, the Supreme Creator† (Nandan and Jangubhai 30). The soul is regarded as an eternal and immutable essence, which has the opportunity to live after human death. When the flesh dies, the soul does not die, for it passes into another body, in which it has a new life. The fate of the soul in each new life depends on its behavior in previous incarnations. The law of karma says that no sin is left without punishment and no virtue - without reward; if a person has not received the deserved punishment or reward in this lif e, he/she will get them in one of the following. Human behavior determines the higher or lower status of the later incarnation (Nandan and Jangubhai 27). Though Buddhism and Hinduism share the concept of rebirth, the Buddhist concept differs in details from the Hindu one. The doctrine of rebirth presented in Hinduism involves a permanent soul, the essence of

What higher food prices mean for both consumers and producers at your Essay

What higher food prices mean for both consumers and producers at your own country Which are the factors that drive the food prices higher What, and for whom, are the costs and benefits of such an increase - Essay Example Consequently, the producers’ increases food prices to the consumers so that they can manage continuous food production. This paper will discuss the impacts of increasing food prices to both the producers and consumers. Additionally, it will discuss the factors that drive the food prices high and what or for whom, the cost and benefits of such increase are. Increase in food prices may affect producers positively or negatively. High food prices may affect the demand of food negatively. When the food prices goes high, the demand may go low since consumers may decide to go for cheaper substitutes or may decide to entirely forego that kind of food. For instance, increase in soft juice prices, meat and juices reduce their consumption, since people will opt for alternative food that is cost friendly2. On the other hand, producers may benefit directly from the high prices of food since they will be making more profit. Food prices hikes due to increase in demand hence producers will be able to produce in bulk which will also earn them a lot of sales which in turn increases their profits. To the consumers higher food prices have detrimental effects since some people will be spending more money on food in such a way that they will not have money to spend on non-food items. People who are below average financially, might not afford some food if the prices are hiked hence they might opt to skip some meals which is dangerous to human health. Additionally, the chronic diseases will be in the rise since consumers cannot meet the required dietary needs3. Most people will buy food for general satisfaction without looking into the nutritional value of food. High food prices interfere with the consumer preference. If the consumers visits the market and find that the preferred food is expensive than usual, they shift their preference towards the

International Business Risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Risks - Essay Example Sales Convention and UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts are quite prominent. For the understanding of the international business the legal system of a country is essential, as the business practices of a certain county are being regulated by its laws. These business regulations set out the ways in which the business transactions are to be carried out and also define the liabilities and privileges to the parties involved in the transaction (contract). There are broadly four basic legal systems that are being practiced around the world. Firstly it is the Islamic Law, secondly the Common Law, thirdly the Civil or Coded Law, and lastly the Marxist Legal System. They are discussed as follows: The Islamic law is developed from the interpretation of the Holy Book Quran Majeed and the Hadith i.e. practices of the Prophet Mohammad P.B.U.P. The philosophy of law in Islamic community is greatly different from the one that is practices in the Western Countries. One the most important aspect of the Islamic law is the undesirability of payment or receipt of interest. This prohibition of interest had also largely influenced the business and banking practices, though, the sanctity of contracts, risk sharing, individual's rights and duties, and property rights are welcomed. Moreover, investments in casinos, gambling and alcohol are strictly prohibited. Due to the restrictions discussed above, ... Instead of money borrowing, businesses have evolved to rely on leasing arrangements for the acquisition of fixed assets. In case of banks largely in Iran and also Pakistan fixed service charges are being charged rather than the interest charge, while the depositors on the other hand are being provided with shares rather than interest payments. (Aswathappa, 2003) 2. Socialist Law This system of law has developed from the Marxist socialist system and is being practiced in the former communist countries in some or the other forms. A crucial is being played by ideology. In contrast to the civil law code those are being incorporated by governments of different point of views, the socialist codes are meant for the societal and personal transformation. This system is not a decided set of rules, but actually intends to attain a Communist society. China and Russia are the two countries which come to ones thought when talking of Communism. As there is no set of rules, both of the countries have adopted dissimilar paths for their respective economic and political development. 3. Common Law The fundamental principles of the Common law come from the English law. The common law has evolved over the years from the collective opinion of the judges and from decisions given in individual cases. A majority of commercial law such as contracts, agency and torts are construed from the principles that emerged from individual quarrels that were resolved in antagonist procedure. One of the key aspects of the common law is this that it is being maintained that similar decisions should be given out for similar cases. Due to this reliance on the decisions of the earlier cases enables the businessmen to shape